Cell culture medium supplies nutrients, growth factors, and environmental regulation to cultivated cells. It supports fundamental cellular processes, including protein synthesis and cell cycle progression, by providing a balanced mix of amino acids, vitamins, salts, and energy sources like glucose. Additionally, it regulates critical factors such as pH and osmotic pressure, ensuring an optimal environment for cell health.
In therapeutic protein production, mammalian cells such as Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) and HEK293 cells are commonly used. These cells often require specialized medium formulations tailored to their unique metabolic and nutritional demands. For instance, CHO cells benefit from media enriched for high protein yields and glycosylation compatibility.
Related: What are CHO Cells?
Key Components of Cell Culture Medium
Amino Acids: These building blocks are needed for protein synthesis. For example, glutamine is needed for hybridoma and other mammalian cell lines.
Vitamins: Support cellular enzymatic functions and metabolic pathways.
Inorganic Salts: Help maintain osmotic balance and provide ions for cellular function.
Glucose: A primary energy source driving cellular metabolism.
Serum or Serum Replacements: Provide growth factors, hormones, and attachment factors for adherent cell cultures.
Contamination Risks and Prevention Strategies
Mammalian cell cultures are particularly prone to contamination from bacteria, fungi, yeast, mycoplasma, and viruses. Contaminants can compromise cell health, alter protein quality, and waste valuable resources. Regular testing, aseptic handling techniques, and rigorous cleaning protocols for incubators and other equipment are vital to maintaining sterile cultures, in addition to quarantine practices for newly acquired cell lines.
Related: Why Choose Transgenic Mouse Models for Antibody Production?
Reproducibility in Cell Culture
For industrial-scale monoclonal antibody production, consistency between batches involves strict control of environmental variables such as pH, temperature, CO₂ levels, and agitation in suspension cultures. Tools such as bioreactors provide researchers with advanced controls to ensure reproducible growth conditions. Open-air platform shakers are also frequently used to mix, shake, or agitate samples for a controlled and prolonged period. Since they do not have enclosures, it is simple to access vessels on its platform.
Related: Large Scale Antibody Production
Bioreactors for commercial protein production enable precise monitoring and adjustment of culture parameters, leading to improved protein yield and quality. They also facilitate larger batch volumes, addressing bottlenecks in therapeutic protein supply.
References:
Arora, M. (2023, July 8). Cell Culture Media: A Review. Materials and Methods. https://www.labome.com/method/Cell-Culture-Media-A-Review.html
Antibody specificity refers to an antibody's ability to selectively bind to a unique epitope on a target antigen while avoiding interactions with unrelated antigens. This property arises from the highly specialized antigen-binding site located in the variable region of the antibody, which determines its unique binding characteristics.
Antibody affinity refers to the strength of the binding interaction between a single antigen epitope and the paratope (binding site) of an antibody. This interaction is a fundamental measure of how well an antibody recognizes its specific antigen target.
Recombinant antibodies are produced using genetic engineering techniques, unlike traditional antibody production, where the immune system generates antibodies without direct control over their sequence. By introducing genes encoding antibody fragments into host cells, such as bacteria or mammalian cells, recombinant antibodies can be expressed, purified, and deployed for applications including research, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
Recombinant antibody expression is a biotechnological process that involves engineering and producing antibodies outside their natural context using recombinant DNA technology.
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